ASSESSMENT OF SPECIAL PHYSICAL FITNESS OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED SHORT-DISTANCE RUNNERS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2221-1217-2026-1-19Keywords:
running, highly qualified sprinters, special physical qualities, acceleration, maximum speedAbstract
Sprinting is one of the key types of athletics and a basic motor form for many sports, which determines the constant scientific interest in the problem of development and control of specialized physical preparedness. Significant progress in world sprint records has been achieved thanks to the improvement of training methods, running technique, and material-technical support; however, the problem of objective assessment of the specialized physical preparedness of highly qualified sprinters remains relevant. The aim of the work is the systematization of modern approaches to the evaluation of specialized physical preparedness of elite sprinters using the analysis of different segments of the 100-meter distance. The study summarizes the results of research by Ukrainian and foreign scientists and practitioners, devoted to the improvement and development of speed and speed-strength qualities, as well as the characteristics of passing individual segments of sprint running. The evolution of approaches to evaluating sprinter preparedness – from empirical methods to modern instrumental and digital technologies – has been analyzed. Special attention is given to the characteristics of the start, acceleration, transition, and maximal speed phases, as well as to individual differences in the running mechanics of highly qualified athletes. It has been shown that such a division of the distance for analysis allows for more accurate identification of the strengths and weaknesses of sprinters’ specialized physical preparedness. The generalization of model indicators of time taken to cover individual segments of the 100-meter distance indicates that the most pronounced differences between athletes are observed in the 60–100 m segments, which characterize the ability to achieve and maintain maximum speed. The obtained generalizations have practical significance for optimizing individualized preparation of sprinters for short distances and increasing the effectiveness of training programs.
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