INDICES OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN JUNIOR NATIONAL TEAM ATHLETE PRACTICING SWIMMING IN THE IMMEDIATE PRE-COMPETITION PERIOD AND THE COMPETITION PERIOD
Keywords:
autonomic nervous system (ANS), heart rate variability (HRV), control of the training loads, adaptation to physical exercise.Abstract
Purpose. Changes in HRV indices in an elite athlete against the background of a group of athletes practicing swimming in the immediate pre-competition period and the competition period. Methods. The study involved 6 athletes aged 17–18 years. One of the tested competitors was an elite athlete. The study was conducted twice: in the beginning of the pre-competition phase and in the competition period. The selected factors of the spectral analysis have been evaluated: TP [ms2], VLF, LF, HF in the given units: [Hz, ms2,%], LF and HF [nu], LF/HF indicator and time analysis factors: RR [ms], HR [1/min], RMSSD [ms], pNN 50 [%]. Results. In the group of swimmers, spectral and time analysis factors have not statistically changed significantly in the tested time periods. In the study, the differences between the leading athlete and the remaining group appeared in the selected values of the spectral and time indicators. The factors of the time analysis: RR, HR indicate the deepening of bradycardia in the competition period in all of the tested athletes. Conclusions. Long-term sport training triggers intracorporeal changes that perpetuate, giving an overview of the adaptation to exercise. The intensity of the training can be viewed differently by individual athletes. Changes taking place in autonomic nervous system (AUN) assess the athletes’ adaptation to the training loads.
References
1. Heart rate variability, training variation and performance in elite swimmers / Atlaoui D., Pichot V., Lacoste L., Barale F., Lacour J. R., Chatard J. C. // Int J Sports Med. – 2007 – Vol. 28(5). – P. 394–400.
2. Heart Rate Variability in Athletes / Aubert A. E., Seps B., Beckers F. // Sports Med. – 2003. – Vol. 33(12). – P. 889–919.
3. Parasympathetic heart rate modulation during parabolic flights / Backers F., Seps B., Ramaekers D., Verheyden B., Aubert A. E. // Eur J Appl Physiol. – 2003. – Vol. 90. – P. 83–91.
4. Acute and persistent effect of a 46- kilometer wilderness trail run at altitude: cardiovascular autonomic modulation and baroreflexes / Bernardi L., Passino C., Robergs R., Appenzeller O. // Cardiovascular Research. – 1997. – Vol. 34. – P. 273–280.
5. Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats / Berntson G. G., Bigger J. T., J. R., Eckberg D. L., Grossman P., Kaufman P. G., Malik M., Nagaraja H. N., Porges S. W., Saul J. P., Stone P. H., van der Molen M. W. // Psychophysiology. – 1997. – Vol. 34. – P. 623–648.
6. Baroreflex sensitivity assessment and heart rate variability: relation to maneuver and technique / Carrasco-Sosa S., Gaitan-Gonzalez M. J., Gonzalez-Camarena R., Yanez-Suarez O. // Eur J Appl Physiol. – 2005. – Vol. 95. – P. 265–275.
7. Heart-rate variability and precompetitive anxiety in swimmers / Cervantes Blásquez J. C., Rodas G., Capdevila Ortís L. // Psicothema. – 2009. – Vol. 21, N 4. – P. 531–536.
8. Autonomic nervous system observation in ice hockey players / Cipryan L., Stejskal P., Bartkova O., Botek M., Cipryanova H., Jakubec A., Petr M., Rehova I. // Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc., Gymn. – 2007. – Vol. 37, N 4. – P. 17–21
9. Effects of exercise training on cardiovagal and sympathetic responses to Valsalva’s maneuver / Cooke W. H., Reynolds B. V., Yandl M. G., Carter J. R., Tahvanainen K. U. O., Kuusela T. A. // Med Sci Sport Exerc. – 2002. – Vol. 34. – P. 928–935.
10. Influence of fitness and gender blood pressure responses during active or passive stress / Dishman R. K., Jackson E. M., Nakumara Y. // Psychophysiology. – 2002. – Vol. 39. – P. 568–576.
11. Comparision of 24-hours parasympathetic activity in endurance and untrained young men / Goldsmidt R. L., Bigger T., Steinman R. C., Fleiss J. L. // J Am Coll Cardiol. – 1992. – Vol. 20. – P. 552–558.
12. Changes in cardiac autonomic regulation after prolonged maximal exercise / Hautula A., Tulppo M. P., Mäkikallio T. H., Laukkanen R., Nissilä S., Huikuri H. V. // Clin Physiol. – Vol. 2001. – Vol. 21(2). – P. 238–245.
13. Heart rate variability in orthostatic test during different training periods in elite swimmers. INEFC Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group / Hynynen E., Iglesias X., Feriche B., Calderon C., Abalos X., Vazquez J., Barrero A., Rodríguez L., Levine B. D., Rodríguez F. A. // Poster prezent AT the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). – San Francisco, California, USA, 2012. – P. 145–154.
14. Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes / Iellamo F., Legramante J. M., Pigozzi F., Spataro A., Norbiato G., Lucini D., Pagani M. // Circulation. – 2002. – Vol. 105. – P. 2719–2724.
15. Heart rate variability in normotensive healthy children with aging. / Kazuma N., Otsuka K., Wakamatsu K., Shirase E., Matsuoka I. // Clin Exp Hypertens. – 2002. – Vol. 24. – P. 83–89.
16. Effect of endurance exercise training on heart rate variability at rest in healthy young and older men / Levy W. C., Cerqueira M. D., Harp G. D., Johannessen K. J., Abrass I. B., Schwartz R. S., Stratton J. R. // American Journal of Cardiology. – 1998. – Vol. 82, is. 10. – P. 1236–1241.
17. Instantaneous beat to beat variability reflects vagal tone during hyperbaric hyperoxia / Lund V., Laine J., Laitio T., Kentala E., Jalonem J., Scheinin H. // UHM. – 2003. – Vol. 30, N 1. – P. 29–36.
18. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) as a Tool for Diagnostic and Monitoring Performance in Sport and Physical Activities / Makivić B., Djordjević Nikić M., Willis M. S. // Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline. – 2013. – Vol. 16, N 3. – P. 103–131.
19. Malpas S. C. Neutral influences on cardiovascular variability: possibilities and pitfalls / Malpas S. C. // Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2002. – Vol. 282. – P. 6–20.
20. Physical training increases heart rate variability in healthy prepubertal children / Mandigout S., Melin A., Fauchier L., N'Guyen L. D., Courteix D., Obert P. // Eur J Clin Invest. – 2002. – Vol. 32. – P. 479–487.
21. Heart rate variability in athletes and nonathletes at rest and during head-up tilt / Martinelli F. S., Chacon-Mikahi M. P. T., Martins L. E. B., Lima-Filho E. C., Golfetti1 M. A., Paschoal R., Gallo-Junior L. // Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. – 2005. – Vol. 38. – P. 639–647.
22. O’Sullivan S. E. The effects of exercise and training on human cardiovascular reflex control / O’Sullivan S. E., Bell C. // J Auton Nerv Syst. – 2000. – Vol. 81(1–3). – P. 16–24.
23. Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: opening the door to effective monitoring / Plews D. J., Laursen P. B., Stanley J., Kilding A. E., Buchheit M. // Sports Med. – 2013. – Vol. 43. – P. 773–781
24. Hopelessness is associated with decreased heart rate variability during championship chess games / Schwarz A. M., Schächinger H, Adler R. H., Goetz S. M. // Psychosom Med. – 2003. – Vol. 65(4). – P. 658–661.
25. Autonomic differences between athletes and nonathletes: spectra analysis approach / Shin K., Minamitani H., Onishi S., Yamazaki H., Lee M. // Med. Sci Sports Exerc. – 1997. – Vol. 29. – P. 1482–1490.
26. Five minute recording of heart rate variability for population studies: repeatability and age – sex characteristics / Sinnreich R., Kark J. D, Friedlander Y., Sapoznikov D., Luria M. H. // Heart. – 1998. – Vol. 80. – P. 156–162.
27. Copmarison of aortic and carotid baroreflex stimulus – response characteristics in humans. / Smith S. A., Ross G., Querry R. G., Fadel P. J., Weiss M. W., Olivencia–Yurvati A., Xiangrong Shi, Raven P. B. // Auton neurosci: basic clinical. – 2001. – Vol. 88. – P. 74–85.
28. Stanisz A. Practical course in statistics with STATISTICA PL using examples from medicine. – Cracow : StatSoft Polska Press, 2006. – P. 259–288.
29. Heart rate variability: A measure of cardiac autonomic tone. / Stein P. K., Bosner M. S., Kleiger R. E., Conger B. M. // Am Heart J. – 1994. – Vol. 127. – P. 1376–1381.
30. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited / Tanaka H., Monahan K. D., Seals D. R. // J Am Coll Cardiol. – 2001. – Vol. 37(1). – P. 153–156.
31. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology // Circulation. – 1996. – Vol. 93(5). – P. 1043–1065.
32. Mechanism underlying very-low-frequency RR- interval oscillations in humans / Taylor J. A., Carr D. L., Myers C. W., Eckberg D. L. // Circulation. – 1998. – Vol. 98. – P. 547–555.
